The History of Prohibition in the United States

Prohibition was a period of nearly 14 years of U.S. history (1920 to 1933) in which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor were made illegal. It was a time characterized by speakeasies, glamor, and gangsters and a period of time in which even the average citizen broke the law. Interestingly,  Prohibition (sometimes referred to as the Noble Experiment) led to the first and only time an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was repealed. Temperance Movements After the American Revolution, drinking was on the rise. To combat this, a number of societies were organized as part of a new Temperance movement, which attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated. At first, these organizations pushed moderation, but after several decades, the movements focus changed to complete prohibition of alcohol consumption. The Temperance movement blamed alcohol for many of societys ills, especially crime and murder. Saloons, a social haven for men who lived in the still untamed West, were viewed by many, especially women, as a place of debauchery and evil. Prohibition, members of the Temperance movement urged, would stop husbands from spending all the family income on alcohol and prevent accidents in the workplace caused by workers who drank during lunch. The 18th Amendment Passes At the beginning of the 20th century, there were Temperance organizations in nearly every state. By 1916, over half of the U.S. states already had statutes that prohibited alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol, was ratified. It went into effect on January 16, 1920—beginning the era known as Prohibition. The Volstead Act While it was the 18th Amendment that established Prohibition, it was the Volstead Act (passed on October 28, 1919) that clarified the law. The Volstead Act stated that beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors meant any beverage that was more than 0.5% alcohol by volume. The Act also stated that owning any item designed to manufacture alcohol was illegal and it set specific fines and jail sentences for violating Prohibition. Loopholes There were, however, several loopholes for people to legally drink during Prohibition. For instance, the 18th Amendment did not mention the actual drinking of liquor. Also, since Prohibition went into effect a full year after the 18th Amendments ratification, many people bought cases of then-legal alcohol and stored them for personal use. The Volstead Act allowed alcohol consumption if it was prescribed by a doctor. Needless to say, large numbers of new prescriptions were written for alcohol. Gangsters and Speakeasies For people who didnt buy cases of alcohol in advance or know a good doctor, there were illegal ways to drink during Prohibition. A new breed of gangster arose during this period. These people took notice of the amazingly high level of demand for alcohol within society and the extremely limited avenues of supply to the average citizen. Within this imbalance of supply and demand, gangsters saw a profit. Al Capone in Chicago is one of the most famous gangsters of this time period. These gangsters would hire men to smuggle in rum from the Caribbean (rumrunners) or hijack whiskey from Canada and bring it into the U.S. Others would buy large quantities of liquor made in homemade stills. The gangsters would then open up secret bars (speakeasies) for people to come in, drink, and socialize. During this period, newly hired Prohibition agents were responsible for raiding speakeasies, finding stills, and arresting gangsters, but many of these agents were underqualified and underpaid, leading to a high rate of bribery. Attempts to Repeal the 18th Amendment Almost immediately after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, organizations formed to repeal it. As the perfect world promised by the Temperance movement failed to materialize, more people joined the fight to bring back liquor. The anti-Prohibition movement gained strength as the 1920s progressed, often stating that the question of alcohol consumption was a local issue and not something that should be in the Constitution. Additionally, the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression started changing peoples opinion. People needed jobs. The government needed money. Making alcohol legal again would open up many new jobs for citizens and additional sales taxes for the government. The 21st Amendment Is Ratified On December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol once again legal. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an Amendment has been repealed.

Business Effectiveness Indicator Of New Zealand Drug...

Gwen R. Manzo DIPHAM 703 - Assessment 1 BUSINESS EFFECTIVENESS INDICATOR OF NEW ZEALAND DRUG FOUNDATION AS A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION AND DOUGLAS MANUFACTURING LIMITED AS A PROFIT ORGANIZATION Executive Summary The content of this paper is about how to analyze the service delivery, marketing, public relations and financial system, utilized by the New Zealand Drug Foundation as a nonprofit organization and Douglas Manufacturing Limited as profit organization. Introduction The New Zealand Drug Foundation also known as (NZDF) is one of the organization withstand in debates for more 20 years now. They have a strong advocacy for policy and practices based on the evidence available. They are supported by the government funding, corporate and private grants and donations. While Douglas Manufacturing Limited is one of the leading-edge of New Zealand manufacturing industry mainly because of a strong customer relationships and a remarkable product quality management. Body Part A PRODUCT / SERVICE DELIVERY It is called a service delivery when providing service to the consumer (Kelley, Donnelly Jr Skinner 1990). New Zealand Drug Foundation has been working with services such providing support alcohol and drug workers and New Zealand communities. They provide public services that includes web information, training workshops, health promotion and education. In Douglas Manufacturing Limited includes contract manufacturing and detailed services for several countries around theShow MoreRelatedImpact of Social Advertising in India1852 Words   |  8 Pageshealth and well being by ensuring the ads that educate people and create awarness about drugs, diseases and other social prime issues in the country. It is otherwise called as ‘non-product’ advertising also. It means advertising various ideas which are not directly for the promotion or sell of the products or commercial services. 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Global Health Report Card †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2.1. 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The Stupidest Angel Chapter 19 Free Essays

Chapter 19 UP ON THE ROOFTOP, CLICK, CLICK, CLICK This is what it’s all been about, thought Ben Miller as he climbed into the tiny bell tower atop the chapel. It had taken ten minutes to saw through the painted-closed seams of the hatch with the bread knife, but finally he’d made it, thrown the latch, and crawled from the top of the Christmas tree into the bell tower. There was just enough room to stand, his feet on narrow ledges around the hatch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stupidest Angel Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thankfully, the bell had been taken away a long time ago. The bell tower was enclosed by louvered vents and the wind whistled through like there was nothing there at all. He was pretty sure he could kick through the vents, hundred-year-old wood, after all, then make his way across the steep roof, drop off whichever side looked safe, and make it to the parking lot and the red Explorer he was holding the keys for. Thirty miles south to the highway-patrol post and help would be on the way. All of the years after high school and college when he had continued to train, all the hours of roadwork, all the weights and swimming and high-protein diets, it all came down to this moment. Keeping himself in shape all these years when no one really seemed to care would finally pay off. Anything out there that he couldn’t outrun, he could take out with a lowered shoulder. (He’d played one season as a jay-vee halfback in addition to his varsity track career.) â€Å"You okay, Ben?† Theo yelled from below. â€Å"Yeah. I’m ready.† He took a deep breath, braced his back against one side of the bell tower, then kicked at the louvered slats on the opposite side. They broke away on the first kick and he was nearly launched out on the roof feetfirst. He fought to get his balance – turned around on his stomach and scooted backward out the opening onto the roof. Facedown, he was looking down the length of the Christmas tree at a dozen hopeful faces below. â€Å"Hold tight. I’ll be back soon with help,† he said. Then he pushed back until he was on his hands and knees on the peak of the roof, cold wetness cutting everywhere he touched. â€Å"Please, bitch,† came a voice from right by Ben’s ear. He jumped sideways, and started to slide down the roof. Something caught his sweater, pulling him back, then something hard and cold was pressed against his forehead. The last thing he heard was Santa saying, â€Å"Pretty fucking tricky for a jock.† Below, in the chapel, they heard the gunshot. Dale Pearson held the dead track star by the back of the collar, thinking, Eat now, or save it for after the massacre? Below him on the ground, the rest of the undead were begging for treats. Warren Talbot, the landscape painter, had made his way halfway up the pine-tree trunk that Dale had used to climb up on the roof. â€Å"Please, please, please, please,† said Warren. â€Å"I’m so hungry.† Dale shrugged and let go of Ben Miller’s collar, then gave the body a shove with his boot, sending it sliding down the roof and off the side to the hungry mob. Warren looked behind him at where the body had fallen, then at Dale. â€Å"You bastard. Now I’ll never get any.† Disgusting sucking sounds were rising from below. â€Å"Yeah, well, the quick and the dead, Warren. The quick and the dead.† The dead painter slid back down his tree and out of sight. Dale had some revenge to take. He stuck his head inside the bell tower and looked down at the horrified faces below. The wiry little biologist was climbing up the Christmas tree toward the open hatch. â€Å"Come on up,† screamed Dale. â€Å"We haven’t even gotten to the main course.† Dale spotted his ex-wife, Lena, staring up, and the blond guy who had charged them with the buffet table had his arm around her. â€Å"Die, slut!† Dale let go of the edge of the bell tower and aimed the .38 down the Christmas tree at Lena. He saw her eyes go wide, then something hit him in the face, something furry and sharp. Claws cut into his cheeks and scratched at his eyes. He grabbed for his attacker and in doing so lost his balance and fell backward. He slid down the side of the roof and off the edge onto his feasting minions. â€Å"Roberto!† Tuck yelled. â€Å"Get back in here.† â€Å"He’s gone,† said Theo. â€Å"He’s outside.† Tuck started to climb up the Christmas tree behind Gabe. â€Å"I’ll get him. Let me come up and call him.† Theo grabbed the pilot around the waist and pulled him back. â€Å"Close and lock the hatch, Gabe.† â€Å"No,† Tuck said. Gabe Fenton looked down briefly, then his eyes went wide when he realized how high above the floor he was. He quickly pushed the bell-tower hatch shut and latched it. â€Å"He’ll be okay,† said Lena. â€Å"He got away.† Gabe Fenton backed down the Christmas tree. When he got to the lower branches, he felt some hands at his waist, steadying him down the last few steps. When he hit the floor, he turned around into Valerie Riordan’s arms. He pushed away so as not to smudge her makeup. She pulled him out of the branches of the tree. â€Å"Gabe,† she said. â€Å"You know when I said you weren’t engaged in the real world?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I’m sorry.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"I just wanted you to know that. In case our brains are eaten by zombies without me having a chance to say it.† â€Å"That means a lot to me, Val. Can I kiss you?† â€Å"No, sweetheart, I left my purse in the car and don’t have any lipstick to touch up. But we can knock out one last stand-up quickie in the basement before we die if you’d like.† She smiled. â€Å"What about the kid at the Thrifty-Mart?† â€Å"Squirrel porn?† She raised a perfectly drawn eyebrow. He took her by the hand. â€Å"Yes, I think I’d like that,† he said, leading her to the back room and the stairs. â€Å"What’s that smell?† Theo Crowe said, remarkably glad to turn his attention away from Gabe and Val. â€Å"Anybody smell that? Tell me that’s not –  » Skinner was sniffing the air and whimpering. â€Å"What is that?† Nacho Nunez was following the smell to one of the barricaded windows. â€Å"It’s coming from over here.† â€Å"Gasoline,† said Lena. How to cite The Stupidest Angel Chapter 19, Essay examples

Art invades craft Essay Example For Students

Art invades craft Essay Another typical sequence of change occurs when members of an established world already generally defined as â€Å"art,† people involved in the typical ac tivities and ideologies of a contemporary art world, invade (and the military metaphor is appropriate) an established craft world and especially its art segment. The sequence begins when some fine artists look for new media in which to explore a current expressive problem. These artists happen on one of the crafts and see in its materials and techniques a potential for artistic exploitation. They see a way to do something that will interest the art world to which they are oriented and to which they respond. They have no interest in the conventional standard of practical utility; their notion of   beauty is likely to be very different from and â€Å"more advanced† than that of the craft they are invading and the kind of skill and control they are inter- ested in quite different from that prized by the more traditional practitioner. The new breed of artists in this craft produce altogether new standards, standards that are aggressively nonutilitarian. That is, they arc interested only in the utilities defined by the art world in which they participate. Art utilities typically include usefulness as objects of aesthetic contemplation, of collection and ostentatious display, and as items of investment and pecuniary gain. They do not include practical utilities defined by the pur- poses and organization of other worlds. Artists invading a craft want to make sure that the works they produce cannot be used as people have been ac- customed to using them. Robert Arneson, for example, one of the leading spirits in the movement which claimed pottery as a fine art field (Zack 1970), made a series of large plates, technically quite competent, whose utility was destroyed by the large brick which sat in the middle of each one, slowly sink- ing into the surface as the series progressed. In another instance, a group of artists gained control of a ceramic department in an art school. The new chairman announced decisively that from then on they would make no high-firc pottery in the department. His point was that they would no longer make clay objects tliat had any utility, because only high-fire pottery will hold water and thus be useful for domestic purposes: cups, glasses, dishes, vases, and so on. By insisting that only low-fire pottery be made, he in effect announced that what they would do from then on was some version of contemporary sculpture. Lest anyone miss the point, he elaborated by saying, â€Å"We are not going to make any vessels.†Ã‚   Just as the standard of utility is devalued, so too arc old craft standards of skill. What the older artist-craftsman has spent a lifetime learning to do just so is suddenly hardly worth doing. People are doing his work in the sloppiest possible way and being thought superior to him just because of it. Instead of adhering to the conventional craft criteria, which of course turn up in somewhat different form, the artists who enter a craft field pro pose, rely on, and organize their own work according to criteria characteristic of worlds conventionally defined as high art. For instance, in the art versions of any of these media, uniqueness of the object is prized. Artists and their publics think that no two objects produced by an artist should be alike. But for good craftsmen that is not a consideration; indeed it is thought a mark of the artist-craftsman’s control that he can make things as much alike as he does. People who pay $200 for a small, beautifully turned bowl will not feel cheated if they find there is another more or less like it. What they bought exhibits the virtuoso craftsmanship they paid for. But if they had bought the same bowl on the assumption that it was a unique work of art, they would feel enormously cheated to find that there were two. So artists who work in these media sell their conception and its execution in that   medium and take care to be obvious about how each of their pieces differs from all the others. No one wants to buy a copy from an artist, only from a craftsman. .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .postImageUrl , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:hover , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:visited , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:active { border:0!important; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:active , .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976 .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8cb3f1921fd2c3618ec5691a1d472976:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mary Cassatt The Bath, 1892 Oil on Canvas, 39 x 26" The Art Institute of Chicago EssayThe new standards artists create insure that a work’s only utility will be as art: to be admired, appreciated, and experienced. The artists denounce the â€Å"mere virtuosity† of the old school of craftsmen. They discover and create a conscious continuity with work in other areas of art, especially in the traditional areas of painting and sculpture. They announce their inde pendence of others’ ideas of what their work should consists of and denounce any attempt to fasten on them the requirements of utility. What they do usually requires a great deal of skill and contr ol, but the skills needed are usually of a deliberately different kind from those prized by cither ordinary craftsmen or artistcraftsmen and often arc hidden as well. Marilyn Levine, for instance, has achieved a considerable reputation for ceramic sculptures of shoes, boots, and other leather objects which look so much like real leather that you have to tap them and hear the ring to be convinced that they are clay; they work in part because of the contradiction between what they look like and what they arc made of. Indeed it becomes a virtue not to display conventional craft virtuosity, and the artist may deliberately create crudities (the making of the crudities may itself involve considerable virtu osity, though not the same kind as that of the craftsman), either for their shock value or to show that he is free of that particular set of conventional constraints. Defining their work as art, the artists who adopt craft materials and tech niques create and accommodate themselves to a different social organization from that which grows up around a craft. Craft organization subordinates the craftsman to an employer, at whose insistence and for whose purposes the work is done. But the contemporary folk definition of art presumes that the artist works for no one, that the work is produced in response to prob lems intrinsic in the development of the art and freely chosen by the artist. Organizationally, of course, the artist is no such heroic individualist: he operates in a setting of institutional constraints which vary from time to time and place to place. Some art worlds operated through a system of church and royal patronage in which the artist found it expedient to take account of the tastes and desires of noted patrons. Contemporary artists, enmeshed in a world of collectors, galleries, and museums, typically produce with no particular purchaser in mind and expect their work to be marketed through the conventional apparatus of dealers and museums, the purchaser exercising control by buying or refusing to buy. Whatever the organizational form, the folk definition further presumes that these purchasers and inter- mediaries arc as concerned as the artist with the utilities defined by the art world and therefore with problems and topics defined within rather than outside the current art world. These presumptions are often violated, but they are the model to which artists orient themselves. Fine art photographers, for example, do a greater variety of work, less constrained by the requirements of organizations in which they work, than do those who work in such craftoriented areas as advertising and fashion photography or photojournalism (Rosenblum 1973). Artists working in con- ventional craft media are similarly relatively freer than artist-craftsmen who work in the same media, both in the diversity of objects they make and in the variety and whimsicality of the ideological explanations they offer for their work. The objects typically display great continuity with current trends in such contemporary high art worlds as painting and sculpture, and the talk both calls attention to that continuity and displays at least superficial in difference to being intelligible or rational. I take this latter characteristic to express a posture of indifference to public acceptance characteristic of many contemporary artists. Here are some examples. Arneson has made many pieces which are in fact sculpture: a typewriter, somewhat sagged out of shape and rough around the edges, whose keys represent red painted fingernails a series of self-portraits, smoking a cigar or with the skull opened to reveal various contents; an enormous table covered with dishes of food, standing in front of a life-sized portrait of the artist in a chef’s hat, all glazed a pure unrelieved white. To an observer familiar with the con- ventions of contemporary sculpture and ceramics, these pieces look not quite like sculpture but m ore like ceramics. Aggressively not utilitarian pottery, they nevertheless call attention to themselves as pottery through the rough modeling of the clay and the gaudy glazes. Some of their effect lies in the ambiguity so created. Other pieces are utilitarian in principle but not quite in fact. An example is Arneson’s teapot whose spout is a realistically modeled penis; you can pour tea from it, but not for everyone.

Organizational Ethics Encouraging whistle

From the article, ‘For One Whistle-Blower, No Good Deed Goes Unpunished’, it is certain that whistle-blowing to external entities including government agencies and the media can be detrimental to whistle-blowers, fraud-spotters, or truth-tellers. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Ethics: Encouraging whistle-blowing within organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this particular case, we note that Mr. Maris, the whistle-blower, is sued and later fired by his employer (Bank of America) for reporting about the financial status of Biovail, a pharmaceutical company that fails to achieve its estimated earnings due to fraud and stock manipulation within the organization (Eisinger, 2011, para. 1-5). Accordingly, this case shows the risk involved in whistle-blowing to external entities even in the presence of legal protection. Here, both the whistle-blower and the organization may face legal battles, which end up tarnishing the organization’s image and the career of the whistle-blower. Furthermore, the whistle-blower risks being shunned by workmates, besides being exposed to close supervision or being alienated. Such unfavorable experience leaves one wondering whether whistle-blowing is an important activity to pursue or a hazardous one. In this essay, we highlight the most appropriate changes to ethical standards to resolve the issues discussed in the preceding section. To prevent whistle-blowing to external entities such as the media, there is the paramount need for organizations to encourage internal whistle-blowing. In this way, an organization can be least assured that employees will be hesitant in discussing unethical practices within their organization with external entities. Furthermore, when internal whistle-blowing systems are in place, employees are encouraged to discuss illegal issues within the organization with the top-management, thus givi ng room for speedy resolution before they cause damage to both the organization and the whistle-blower. As a result, the major objective of internal whistle-blowing should entail encouraging employees to freely talk about unethical issues with internal authorities to eliminate the risks involved in exposing such issues to third parties. Moreover, the presence of an internal whistle-blowing mechanism demonstrates the organization’s commitment to existing codes of conduct.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is worth-noting that some ill-motives or barriers to internal whistle-blowing programs can also be as detrimental to both parties involved as in the case of external whistle-blowing. Here, cases of lack of trust between the top-management and the employees, unwillingness of the employees to divulge on illegal issues within the organization with others, mis guided solidarity with the wrong-doers, fear of retaliation and close supervision, and fear of alienation are just but a number of major barriers to successful implementation of the internal whistle-blowing program. Therefore, these issues must be considered and resolved by the relevant authorities before embarking on developing the internal whistle-blowing program. Subsequently, the process of developing an internal whistle-blowing program or culture should entail a step-by-step protocol that begins with creating a policy. Here, the policy should incorporate official mechanisms for whistle-blowing including hotlines and mailboxes that do not require senders to leave their names for protection. Furthermore, the policy should outline a clear chain of command and communication processes for internal whistle-blowing. Accordingly, the policy should be designed in such a way that it reflects the existing code of ethics. The subsequent steps in this process should include seeking endor sement from other management processes including the CEO, publicizing the organization’s commitment toward ensuring the success of the program, investigating claims and making appropriate follow-ups, and finally, assessing the whistle-blowing system to ensure that it does not overrun the existing organizational ethics and values. Overall, the increasing public scrutiny of organizational activities and behavior should worry the management processes within any organization, and therefore, the only way out is to encourage openness within the organization itself to avoid leaking of damaging information to outsiders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Ethics: Encouraging whistle-blowing within organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference Eisinger, J. (2011). For one whistle-blower, no good deed goes unpunished. Business Ethics-The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved from ww w.business-ethics.com/2011/06/01/1746-for-one-whistle-blower-no-good-deed-goes-unpunished/ This essay on Organizational Ethics: Encouraging whistle-blowing within organizations was written and submitted by user Catherine Caldwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Essays

The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Essays The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Paper The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Paper The original concepts of new towns date back from1799 and New Lanark on the banks of the river Clyde by Robert Owen. It was built as an industrial town with houses for the workers in the cotton mills. The next main historical event in the development of new town policy comes from Ebenezer Howard and his theory of Garden Cities. He published a book called Garden Cities of Tomorrow, this lead to the building of Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn Garden City in 1919. After the Second World War Sir Patrick Abercrombie put forward a proposal to build 10 satellite towns beyond Londons green belt. These mainly to be built north of London although a few (Crawley and Bracknell etc) were built south of London. This lead to the passing of the new town act in 1946. This allowed for the provision of 28 new towns, 8 of them within 30 miles of London and the rest scattered around the UK. The new towns were chosen for their location, e.g. Bracknell (built in 1949) was 28 miles west of London and 18 miles from Heathrow. Its site was chosen in favour of White Waltham as it was close to an airfield and there was suitable land available. The end of the new towns act was in 1977, and meant that new towns stopped being built. Those that were currently under construction such as Milton Keynes were continued until they were completed, 1992 for Milton Keynes. The act was withdrawn because it was felt that although the new towns were being filled they were just drawing people from the inner cities, and hence the inner cities were starting to decline. At this point the government decided to completely reverse its policy and actively try to improve the inner cities, an example being the comprehensive overhaul of the London Docklands. Purpose of New Towns In order to assess whether new town policy has been a success we must look at the purpose for the development of new towns. This can be split into five main subsections: They were originally proposed as over-spill towns from London, intended to re-house the population from inner cities in a series of slum clearances after the second world war had destroyed much of London. Areas such as the Docklands and Canary Wharf are key areas that were cleared in order that they might be redeveloped. The displaced population was relocated in the new towns such as Bracknell, Crawley and the new town of East Kilbride taking people from the slums of Glasgow, namely the Gorbals. In order that the towns might become self-sufficient it was intended that industry and business would relocate to the new towns. In order to encourage them to move incentive schemes were instigated and premises built so that companies could move, housing close to the factories and offices were also provided so that they could take their workforce with them. New towns were also built to try and promote areas with untapped resources. Towns such as Corby were founded and housing built to support the industry around it. This meant that the inhabitants had a job laid out for them when they moved to their new house. However when the resource runs out the town is left without its main source of employment and so the number of people who are jobless rises sharply. New towns were seen as a way of allowing people to settle in remote areas that had low population densities. Around Newtown in mid Wales for example there were originally only small towns and villages as well as a few farms. Newtown meant that a new trunk road was built and attracted large multinational companies like Laura Ashley (subsequently relocated) and other distribution firms. The fifth and final reason for the development of new towns is to revitalise run down areas. This happened in Peterlee and Washington in the North of England. In much the same ways as other new towns were built they were constructed with housing groups and industry to provide jobs as well as incentives to attract the companies. Evidence The new town policy was discontinued in 1977. There are a number of possible reasons for this: * It may be that no more housing is required and hence building more new towns would just lead to an over provision for housing and cause house prices to fall and lead to large scale negative equity, thus forcing the country into a recession. * It may have been felt that the new towns were expanding too quickly and not respecting green-belt land. Consequently the act was stopped with the thought that this would preserve some of the open land. * Inner cities were felt to be declining as the general trend was to re-house people from these inner city areas as so they were not having the investment made in them. Areas such as the London Docklands and Canary Wharf are obvious examples of areas that have since benefited from the change in policy concerning new towns. The new town policy has been criticised for having been a failure; some have argued that because the early new towns were built with the houses first in an attempt to relocate as many people as possible as quickly as possible, jobs for those who moved were not provided. This lead to a large percentage of the population of the early new towns being out of work and unemployed, leading to a stigma being attached to the new towns as areas for the lower classes. This was changed in later new towns as for example in Milton Keynes where industry moved with a certain amount of workforce, as well as a Central Business eXchange (CBX) being built and a large shopping complex in the centre with provision for parking all around the outside. New towns that built up around a particular resource soon collapsed when the resource ran out, for example in Corby an industry was set-up around the steelworks providing many hundreds of jobs for the inhabitants of Corby. This however was the main source of employment in the town and so when the resource (iron ore) ran out the industry had to close, causing the loss of those many hundreds of jobs. This problem was one inherent in the construction of a town with just one main source of employment and can only be catered for by ensuring that either the employment continues or that there is some other form of employment for the town. Corby was therefore learnt from and the later new towns did not have one sole industry. A fundamental problem with the new towns was the policy of creating socially mixed housing. Whilst it was understood that houses of all sizes should be created in order to cater for all it was felt that areas of socially mixed housing would be a good idea. However the people living in the houses did not want to be in areas of either socially or ethnically mixed housing. Thus managers did not want to be living next to the factory floor workers. However the new towns were built in small neighbourhoods around each other. This meant that it was not necessary to take the car in order to purchase convenience goods such a milk and bread. With a good network of pleasant paths it is possible to go entirely by foot or by bike. The networks of roads in a new town are quite often laid out geometrically. In Milton Keynes for example the road are spaced at one kilometre intervals and at 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to each other, this thereby creates a traffic grid which allows cars and buses to move along with the minimal amount of hassle. It is however in this that yet another problem with new towns lies: It relies heavily on the car. To use Milton Keynes again as an example the central shopping centre has many hundreds of car park spaces, but is surrounded firstly by the car park, then by a ring of industry, and only then does the first set of housing start. This means that anyone who wants to go shopping but does not have a car is forced to use public transport, as it is impossible to go to the shops and carry the purchases back. The building of new towns has allowed for some radical rethinks into the way that houses are built and positioned. Energy saving houses that lose less than 1% of their heat to the surroundings by the use of heat exchanges and solar panels have been developed in some new towns, setting the way for further housing. Finally the new town policy has created towns that are fairly well countrified, and although they are often lumps of concrete in the middle of green open areas they are well countrified. With millions of trees having been planted for instance in Milton Keynes it will ensure that the surroundings are pleasant for the inhabitants. So has the policy of new towns been a failure or a success. To recap we have the problems of inner cities becoming dilapidated, social housing areas, lack of jobs, collapse of industry and the reliance on the car. Beside this there are the positive points of the development of futuristic housing, re-housing of slums, relocation of business out of the city centres, promotion of new resources and the revitalisation of remote and run down areas. We can therefore conclude that although new towns have many disadvantages the policy was right to try and move people away from the slums but should have redeveloped those areas immediately so that they did not fuel the cycle. The implementation of well structured new towns with adequate services and networks is a much better alternative to an unplanned urban sprawl which we see starting to spread its way across Englands countryside.

Software Engineering Tutorial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Software Engineering Tutorial - Assignment Example Here, managing data being the prime task of Data-processing system, it is less applicable to the above system. All naturally happening systems are data processing systems, so that means what all we see is processed and interpreted by us so as to make it more relevant and useful. As far as our system is concerned, it is more of a spontaneous system rather than data related issues. The only information that needs to be kept is as the reference for examining values. Also, another useful thing is to make a log of all the different parameters such as pressure, temperature, etc, which can be really helpful in predicting the safe range for the above quantities. Generally, Data-processing system requires lot of storage capacity, but that's not the issue here. What is important here is the speed. Moving on to the next kind, Real-time Systems are the ones chasing the dead lines. They are called real time specifically because they work under a constrained environment, which deals with responsiv e attitude of the system. Real-time systems are designed for either real-time operating systems or other synchronous programming languages, which actually serve as a platform to build such immediate systems. These kinds of systems are really a challenge as they have a specific task to meet and if the software designed fails to deliver on time it's not of any worth. They are called real time specifically because they work under a constrained environment, which deals with responsive attitude of the system.  ... Our system deals with the naturally affecting factors such as pressure, friction, wear and tear and the work loss due to it. Such a system is definitely a real-time one. It has to take immediate care if any undue fluctuations are observed in the behavior of the system. For this to happen, a continuous monitoring is required. As described above, it is obviously a task to be performed in a constrained environment and it has a deadline and on missing the deadline the consequences can be expensive and destructive too. Moreover, when we are designing a system it should also take into account the pro and cons of it and then select the best combination for the product. This system would be an ideal one along with other ones working in the back up. (All the models of System Development Life Cycle) Decision Support System Description The next of the models is Decision support systems. This term is a very hazy one and this kind of system can be utilized variedly. Vaguely said, a Decision Support System is the one, which aids the process of decision-making. But, the developer, which actually designs it, only can define the clearer definition. Some of the explanations also suggest that Decision Support Systems or DSS can be used for the computer-based Information systems problems that are spontaneous or rather non-structured and deals with management issues. DSS can be of various characteristics based on the type of applications. A model-driven DSS would rather use the data provided by the users and it is an input to the system. Another of DSS is document-driven DSS which manages, gets back and manipulates unstructured information in different electronic formats. Finally

Prcis of journal article Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prcis of journal article - Term Paper Example From the onset, this article is setting the tone for change as a challenging form of opposition related to achieving corporate goals so that the ready fully understands the nature of change in a dynamic organization. The authors refute the pre-existing notion that change can be classified under logical characterization perceptions and even indicate that resistance may be caused by the change agents themselves through their own actions or misguided principles in use for change practices. Change is proposed to be a reaction to the relationship between the change recipients and the agent based on the quality of the relationship dynamics between the two (or lack thereof). The authors are suggesting that when change agents automatically believe that all resistance to change objectives are negative, they miss out on opportunities to halt resistance in a more positive method. The article is challenging the notion that change is a predictable situation occurring of phenomena that is removed from the presence of the change agent, with the agent taking a role as that of a metaphorical umpire that simply dictates compliance using structured methods to combat change. Rather, the article imposes on the reader that change resistance is invariably linked to the attitudes or behavior of the change agent and cannot be separated in all instances where resistance is present. This is an interesting notion considering that most researchers define change resistance from a sort of orderly and predictable pattern of behavior, usually psychologically-based, that has defined and structured methods of combating it. Instead, this article takes a more realistic viewpoint about resistance by defining it as being ambiguous and somewhat unique to the organizational culture that resides at the business or organization. ANALYSIS RELATED TO CHANGE RESISTANCE The article describes the phenomenon of the self-fulfilling prophecy which is essentially when beliefs or attitudes about a situation or em ployee population have a direct form of bias on behavior or method in management or in reducing resistance to change. A self-fulfilling prophecy is one where an individual believes that a certain outcome is going to occur and, through their own actions, bring this consequence to reality. When someone carries these attitudes, expecting automatically to find resistance in a new change effort, resistance will likely be the outcome (Ford, et al.). There is a danger in this type of thinking as pre-set, biased, and false beliefs that resistance will absolutely be a product of change agent efforts will lead the change agent to act somewhat deceptively in the process of creating new change policies. The article indicates they might hide concepts or build irrational systems to combat change, based solely on their perceptions, thus leading to resistance through these efforts. This is an interesting point of view and it makes sense considering that such attitudes can have a direct impact on be havioral approaches. Pre-established and false notions related to resistance expectations would have a broader impact on psychology and the social dynamics associated with new change principles, and thus the notion of the self-fulfilling prophecy would seem to be supported by most psychologically-based literature on human behavior. Further, the article

Every Act of Terrorism is a Wrongful Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Every Act of Terrorism is a Wrongful Act - Essay Example   The first question is "what is terrorism" and the second question is " can the act of terrorism be morally justified" or to put it on the focus of the paper, whether terrorism is always wrong or not. Philosophers have presented a variety of positions on both questions. With regards to the definition of terrorism, their dominant view looks to allow the core meaning "terrorism" has in universal use. Terrorism is considered as a form of violence (Brzoska 2014, p. 67). A number o definitions stress the experience of fear or terror as the main of that violent act. Neither terror nor violence is inflicted for its own personal sake, but instead for the sake of an unrelated aim like coercion or political goal (Primoratz 2012, p. 23). However, there are definitions, as well, which sever the abstract connection of terrorism with terror or with violence (Wright 2007, p. 21). With regards to the moral stance of terrorism, many philosophers have different opinions on how that is to be determi ned, as well as what the determination is. Consequentialists recommend viewing terrorism, like everything else, taking into consideration its consequences (Walzer 2006, p. 3). Nonconsequentialists claim that its moral stance is not just a matter of what effects, on balance, terrorism has, but is instead determined, whether only or mainly, by what it is. Stances on the ethics of terrorism vary from justification when its effects on balance are upright, or when some deontological moral needs have contended, to its almost absolute, absolute or rejection (Honderich 2004, p. 14). The essay is going to discuss whether terrorism is always wrong.  

Holiday Decision Making Processes Tourism Essay

Holiday Decision Making Processes Tourism Essay The following essay attempts to critically analyze the traditional problem solving approach to consumer decision making process with support of the study that the case study has discussed. The writing is done over nine steps. It begins with the introduction phase that discusses the importance of consumer behavior and the importance of decision making and in particular the importance of traditional consumer decision making in consumer behavior. The following subsection defines the detailed stages involved in traditional consumer decision making. Following this, is a comparative study done between traditional consumer decision making and holiday decision making based on the stages of traditional consumer decision making model. This is further, followed by a conclusion that summarizes the outcome of the study altogether. Consumer behavior is the study of the mental and emotional processes and observable behavior of consumers during searching, consumption and post purchase of a product or service. Assessing consumer behavior and understanding the same is vital and essential for the success of any marketing strategy. Consumer decision making process is the sequential stages of processes that a consumer goes through when opting to purchase a product or a service. Any consumer is assumed to go through five staged decision making process before attempting to make any purchase. This is referred to as the Traditional Decision making process. It is very necessary for the marketer to understand the decision making process that the consumer goes through in order to successfully market the product. III.TRADITIONAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS The five important stages of the traditional consumer decision making process are: Need Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase and Post-Purchase evaluation. Need Recognition Problem Awareness: Need recognition is when a consumer has identified a particular need or a problem that has been unmet and has to be immediately met. Two different styles of need/problem recognition styles exist within consumers. The categories of consumers are those who opt a product as the present product that they are using fails to function efficiently. These consumers are referred to as actual state type consumers. The second type of consumers are the desired state types, who need a product just because to desire to have one. So the desire becomes the trigger in their decision process. Altogether, a consumer at this stage can be referred to as an aroused consumer who is vulnerable to any stimulus of the marketers appeal. Information Search Information search is the search is the next subsequent stage wherein, the consumer has already identified a product that will cater to his/her need. There are two types of searches , the internal search and the external search. The internal search is when the consumer recollects his/her past experiences and makes that the base for his/her current decision making. An external search is when the consumer consults external environment factors for making his/her choice decision. This is because the consumer lacks sufficient experience. In many purchase decisions, a consumer conducts an internal search in combination with an external search as well. Normally, the consumers tend to involve themselves in extensive information search in products that involve high risk and are more costly than in case of products that involve low risk and are inexpensive. The search conducted before buying a shoes would differ from the search conducted before buying a car. Evaluation Of Alternatives In this corresponding stage, the consumer has identified a number of particular product/service that will satisfy his/her need. It is here that the consumer makes the decision between the available potential alternatives on the basis of brands and number of preferred criteria against which these products are assessed. The set of brands that comes in the consideration list of the consumer is called evoked set. Inept set is the set of brands that the product does not consider because it is looked upon by the consumer as unacceptable. Inert set is that set of brands that the consumer is indifferent towards because the consumer, does not consider the product to be having any particular advantages. Purchase This is the stage wherein the consumer actually purchases a particular product after identifying need, conducting search and evaluating possible alternatives. Consumers are normally identified to be making three types of purchases which are namely trial purchases, repeated purchases and long term commitment purchases. The trial purchase refers to the instance wherein a consumer tries to evaluate a product or brand by using it for the first time. Repeated purchase is a case of established brand loyalty wherein consumers repeat product purchases. Long term commitment is when consumers associate themselves in opting to purchase a particular brand of a product and over again in time. Post purchase Evaluation This is the stage wherein the consumer has bought and used a particular product, the consumers reflection on whether the product was satisfying or disappointing. In cases where the consumers needs are met or exceeded the consumer can be referred to as satisfied. If that does not happen, the consumer begins to experience cognitive dissonance which is an internal conflict that the consumer experiences because of having conflicting ideas. (Schiffman G.L, Kanuk L.L, Hansen.H , 2008) IV.IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR A HOLIDAY DECISION MAKING When the holiday decision making plan of 27 Belgian households were analyzed, it was found that Holiday decision making model did not have any fixed sequential stages, unlike the traditional decision making model. It was observed that in the Holiday decision making model, the administrative factors played a vital role in deciding choice and time of holiday decision making. Apart from this, it was found that unlike in the traditional decision making model, while planning for a holiday, there was no sequential evolution of holiday plans. The typical factors that influence the need and the decision of holiday decision making process was found to be situational factors, levels of involvement, day dreaming nostalgia, anticipation. This is completely different from the Traditional Decision making process which has very well structured and sequentialized. The need for a particular product/service is identified, following which the information search and evaluation of alternatives is done. This further leads the consumer towards making a purchase and then post purchase evaluation. Unlike in the Holiday decision model the factors that influence the decision making process of a consumer in traditional consumer decision making is the need that is triggered due to the failure of a product that they are using or the desire to have a new product. Decision for choosing a product is done here. V.SEARCHING FOR AN IDEAL HOLIDAY DESTINATION . The information search in traditional consumer decision making is well structured, which is at times internal or external or a combination of both based on the value /risk of a product. The information search phase in the holiday decision model was found to be unstructured unlike the traditional decision making model .In holiday decision making, information collection was identified to be an ongoing process that still continues even after the holiday has been booked. Information is gathered during and after the holiday experience owing to cognitive dissonance, prolonged involvement/hedonic consumption. Moreover, the information search in holiday decision making is found to be more internal or memory based, than external or stimulus based. However, all the information collected were not always used. The holiday decision makers were also found to be low information searchers. Information accumulated naturally in a non purposive way and they become really important in the last days before a booking is made. There is a shift observed from internal to external source of information and from general to more specific information altogether. Hence in holiday decision making , information search information collection is not a direct predictor of actual choices but helps in strongly pointing out the preferences of a consumer. Whereas, in traditional consumer decision making the information search is mainly internal oriented (like past experience) for products with low risk and products that are less expensive, external (like person reference) for products those involve high risk and are expensive. The higher the past experience, the lesser the external search would be done. Information is considered very important and the information gathered becomes the driving force in the decision making of a consumer. The kind of shift from general to specific information hunt is not quite significant in traditional consumer decision making. In traditional consumer decision making, the search begins as internal and then proceeds to external and then a combination of both. It is also observed that unlike holiday decision making, traditional consumer decision making consumers are keen information searchers and conducts a thorough research before deciding on a particular product. And finally, in traditional consumer deci sion making, information collection strong points the preferences of consumer, and also is a vital predictor of the actual decision that the consumer tends to take. VI.EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE HOLIDAY DECISIONS When it came to the evaluation of alternatives in case of holiday decision making, the study conducted brought to light that holiday decision making was an ongoing circular process that began with the making of a decision. Ideally, as one holiday ended, the holidays decision makers involved themselves in making the next plan. It was also observed that the decision makers involved themselves in making a number of plans at the same time. So does the evaluation of alternatives. As they constantly keep gaining information they tend to keep switching their preference for alternatives. And each of the plans that the holiday maker made comprised of different time horizons, different formulas and different types of decision making processes. Another instance in the case , highlighted the fact that holiday decision making was mostly found to be adaptable and opportunistic. In these cases holiday decision makers , though had willingness to go to a particular place for a holiday , they were found to be going only when the opportunity struck. Hence, adaptability and opportunity were found to be the two major criterias on which a holiday decision maker was found to evaluating and deciding on the option of a holiday destination. Moreover, these strategies were found to be aligned with situation and to the type of decision making unit in which they were involved. So while evaluating the alternative, the alternative that is more favorable to adapt and to which there was a prevailing opportunity was given more importance than a on e which wasnt favorable and for which there w as no opportunity. Altogether, it was found that while evaluating alternatives and decision making, adaptability and the decision making unit to which a holiday decision maker belonged influenced to situations and decision making unit to which they belong. When it came to evaluation, preferences were more given to experience based techniques than pre-planned ones. Many holiday makers didnt use any well defined strategies while making their decisions. Needs and desires were directly connected to choice solutions because they are evoked at the same time. Finally, they prefer simple decision rules even if they are not accurate. Alongside, holiday makers decision strategies were characterized by factors like limited amount of processing, selective processing, qualitative reasoning, attribute based non compensatory rules and a lack for the evaluation of each alternative. In comparison to this, in the traditional consumer decision making model the consumer evaluates products based on brands and critetrias. Unlike in holiday decision making, in traditional consumer decision making consumers follow a method wherein initially, a evoked set is generated based on the list of brands from which they plan to make their selection following which criterias will be used to evaluate each brand separately. Based on the ranking of criterias, the final product choice is made. Evaluation of alternatives is not an ongoing process and it is done only when a particular product is recognized to be catering to a particular need/problem identified. Hence traditional consumer decision making is not in any manner not adaptable nor opportunistic rather its completely need/desire oriented. Also pre planned decisions were the one that was given more importance when it came to evaluation. Strategies are clearly made based on ranking of features of a particular product of a brand . In traditional consumer decision making, evaluation of alternatives is characterized by the knowledge of the brand, information gathered and the preference of criterias evaluated for each brand/product of the evoked set. VII.PURCHASE OF A HOLIDAY PLAN AND ITS POST PURCHASE EVALUATION: When analyzing the purchase stage of the holiday decision making, it was found that the final decision making was made by consumers in the last minutes. This was mainly done to reduce the risk involved, expectancy, availability, loyalty and personality. It is also found from the case that the purchase of the holiday decision making, is done instantaneously depending on momentary moods and emotions. Emotional factors in fact were identified to be a major factor based on which the holiday choices were made. The purchase is also done instantly as the holiday decision makers are consumers whose choices are made suddenly for sudden pleasure. This highlights the fact that affective choice mode is more relevant than traditional information processing mode in Holiday decision making model that in itself is a highly experiential product. Most of the holiday decision makers tend to be optimistic and idealistic in the starting but they become realistic only over time and final purchase is made only the last moment. The reason for this trend of shift was identified to be the objective intervention or subjective perception of contextual factors. However contextual factors like occupation, family, situation are first considered before contextual inhibitors like time, money and budget. The feeling of cognitive dissonance can be thoroughly noticed in case of holiday decision making. Because of this experience of cognitive dissonance that is a post purchase concern it was seen that the informants involved themselves in gathering information during and after the holiday experience altogether. The informants in many cases were found to be experiencing cognitive dissonance which continuously strived to reduce. In the traditional decision making model, model of feel-learn-do is observed to be important whereas the feel-learn-do and feel-do-learn sequence appear more important in the holiday decision making. Contrary to the holiday decision making, in traditional consumer decision making the consumer plans sequentially before making the purchase. They discover a need, conduct information search, evaluates the alternatives and decides to purchase a chosen product. Unlike in holiday decision making, in traditional consumer decision making the consumers are observed to be optimistic, idealistic and realistic right from the need recognition stage till this stage of purchase. Also, in case of traditional consumer decision making, the post purchase cognitive dissonance experienced by a consumer was found to be directly proportional to the risk or value involved with the product. VIII.CONCLUSION Based on the comparative study made it can be evidently summarized that holiday decision making processes evidently varies from the traditional consumer decision making. Right from the beginning stage of need recognition till the stage of post-purchase evaluation stage the disparities are evident and noticeable. holiday decision making is highly based on opportunities, adaptability and emotions to a very large extent. Unlike traditional consumer decision making holiday decision making is found out to be combination of many processes. Hence altogether holiday decision making, is identified to be a rational process and holiday decision making processes and considered to be quite important as they are vital in achieving higher order goals. IX.REFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Peter Robinson. (2008). Holiday decision making: the family perspective. Available: http://www.insights.org.uk/articleitem.aspx?title=Holiday+Decision+Making:+The+Family+Perspective. Last accessed 25th Jan 2. Michael Richarme. (2004). Consumer Decision Making Models, Strategies and Theories. Available: http://www.decisionanalyst.com/publ_art/decisionmaking.dai. Last accessed 23rd Jan 2010. 3. Lars Perner PhD . (1999). Consumer Behaviour: Psychology Of Marketing. Available: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/. Last accessed 26th Jan 2011 4. Hawkins, Delbert, Best, Roger, Coney, Kenneth (March 2003). Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin .71-99. 5. Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, Havard Hansen (2008). Consumer Behaviour. England: Pearson Education Limited. 75-91. 6. Encyclopaedia of business 2nd edition. (2011). Consumer Behaviour. Available: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Consumer-Behavior.html. Last accessed 26th Jan 2011. 7. Kevin moore, clive smallman, jude Wilson, David simmons . (2010). Yield-Relevant Tourist Decision Making. Available: http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/PageFiles/6830/6197_YieldRelevantIn_s20222.pdf. Last accessed 26th Jan 2011 8. Murthi, B.P.S., and Kannan Srinivasan (1999). Consumers Extent of Evaluation in Brand Choice.. London: Journal of Business. 23-77. 9. Solomon, Michael R (2003). Consumer Behaviour. 6th ed. New York: Prentice Hall . 43-88. 10. Mantel, Susan Powell, and Frank R. Kardes (1999). The Role of Direction of Comparison, Attribute-Based Processing, and Attitude-Based Processing in Consumer Preference.. New York: Journal of Consumer Research. 30-54.

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing :: Papers

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing I am 15 years old, and I hate my life. My parents are dead, I have no friends, I get bullied every day, and the worst of it is that I can't do anything about it. I now live in Omaha, Nebraska with my aunt, Patrice, who just made 21 and is never home. She is my last living relative. At school this kid named Brian messes me all the time. I never fight back because I'm just peaceful like that. I get good grades (I have nothing else to do with my spare time except homework). I earn my own money by playing craps behind the school with loaded dice. That's why I don't have any friends. So I was walking home and here comes Brian with his sidekick Jim. Brian says, "Hey punk how's it goin'?" Then Jim says, "Yeah punk." I say, "I'm doing fine." "Gimme all your money, or my fist and your face will become good friends." Then he pushes me. All of a sudden, something came over and I just start wailing on the guy. I get up, look at Jim and say, "You want some of this?" He stands there in fear for a while and runs away. The rest of the way home I kept thinking about what happened, thinking about what came over me. In the middle of deep thought, I heard a voice say, "It was me." I looked around and no one was there. So I blew it off and went on home. I got home, laid on my bed still thinking about what happened. There was that voice again, "It was meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Makius." Now I knew something was up. "Who's there?" I said. "You don't know me but I know you very well," said the voice. "You know me," I said. The voice then said, "Yes, I know about the time when someone tripped you and everyone laughed. I know about the time when some bully stole your shoes, and wore them the next day.

Pain Equals Success Narrative Essay

Pain Equals Success Emily Flores Ms. Hellerman English Comp. 101 February 11, 2013 Pain Equals Success Too much pain is never enough pain. Without pain, you truly cannot feel and enjoy real success. Jade Kat, a strong influential young woman, always strived for success. She knew with success it will create obstacles and tests to ensure one is absolutely ready for their dream. What she didn’t know was that those struggles were about to hit her fast. It all started when Jade finished her internship with a well-known successful retail company in Japan called JuJuPop, Inc.She was immediately hired to work as a fashion designer. This was only part of her dream; her real dream was to be C. E. O. As people would say, â€Å"do not get too used to things† or â€Å"it feels too good to be true† these phrases were about to make much more sense to Jade as certain situations were about to occur. One of her coworkers, a nice swell well-groomed fellow, caught her eye at first s ight. They immediately started talking and had similar hobbies, which turned into dates that turned into a potential relationship.This guy seemed so wonderful to her until she started realizing some strange activities going on with her credit card account. This prince charming was actually using her hard-earned cash to splurge on himself behind her back. She was hurt at first and did not think this would happen to her. She immediately confronted him; he admitted it and they ended their relationship. After a few months of getting back on her feet, Jade Kat was all about striving towards success. She was still working for the company for about 5 years. Her designs were being recognized by top fashionistas.Jade was so close to her dream, she could taste it. During one of the companies fashion shows, Kobe King, one of the top of the line tuxedo designers, was checking out Jade’s wedding line and loved it. The two met for dinner at one of the finest restaurants in Japan. They went over a few of her designs and he was very impressed. He offered Jade a position in his company and she accepted. The two started working together right away on a wedding spring line. With Kobe and Jade’s launch, the two made millions off their line together.The success of their launch has made their line the top 5 to choose from in Japan. After 2 years of being great colleagues, the two decided to host a huge party inviting many famous designers and celebrities to celebrate their success together. During the party, Kobe had told Jade, â€Å"Come with me to my office, we need to talk business. † Little did she know, Kobe always had great interest in her. â€Å"Come, sit down,† he called while he fetched her a drink. While she was busy looking over designs, Kobe had locked the door in his soundproof office.After a little small talk, his intoxicated-self made his way over her and handed her the drink. She immediately smelled and noticed pill pieces in her drink an d pretended to drink it. Kobe by then, was already all over her, harassing her and even tried to abuse her. She managed to knock him down, unlock the door and get help. He later was arrested, placed in jail and out of Jade’s life for good. A situation as hard as that is something very devastating to go through. Jade had to get psychological help to get back to the successful woman she was trying hard to be.She had to forgive the ones who insulted her, attacked her, belittled her, and took her for granted but before she did that, she had to forgive herself for allowing them to hurt her. (live, laugh, dream, 2013) Once Jade was well enough to leave the rehabilitation, she rented an apartment and her old job gave her leverage and time to keep to herself until she felt fully ready to come back to work. In the next 3 months, Jade fully recovered and was back creating designs no one has ever thought to create.This recovery won so many people’s hearts and concern for her, it brought all the success she wanted. Her pain and her realness was what gave her success. Jade Kat become a strong independent woman. She created her own retail line called â€Å"On The Prowl, Inc. † and is living the life of a successful entrepreneur. Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable†¦ Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals. MLK, 2013) Despite the struggles she had to endure, success was all she ever wanted and received it. With all her success and good-will, God blessed her with true love and now she lives a happy life as a successful mother, wife, and entrepreneur. References live, laugh, dream (2013) Search Quotes. Retrieved from http://www. searchquotes. com/quotes/about/Abusive_Relationship/ Martin Luther King (2001-2013) Struggle Quotes. Retrieved from http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keywords/struggle. html Running Head: Pain Equa ls Success Pain Equals Success Narrative Essay Pain Equals Success Emily Flores Ms. Hellerman English Comp. 101 February 11, 2013 Pain Equals Success Too much pain is never enough pain. Without pain, you truly cannot feel and enjoy real success. Jade Kat, a strong influential young woman, always strived for success. She knew with success it will create obstacles and tests to ensure one is absolutely ready for their dream. What she didn’t know was that those struggles were about to hit her fast. It all started when Jade finished her internship with a well-known successful retail company in Japan called JuJuPop, Inc.She was immediately hired to work as a fashion designer. This was only part of her dream; her real dream was to be C. E. O. As people would say, â€Å"do not get too used to things† or â€Å"it feels too good to be true† these phrases were about to make much more sense to Jade as certain situations were about to occur. One of her coworkers, a nice swell well-groomed fellow, caught her eye at first s ight. They immediately started talking and had similar hobbies, which turned into dates that turned into a potential relationship.This guy seemed so wonderful to her until she started realizing some strange activities going on with her credit card account. This prince charming was actually using her hard-earned cash to splurge on himself behind her back. She was hurt at first and did not think this would happen to her. She immediately confronted him; he admitted it and they ended their relationship. After a few months of getting back on her feet, Jade Kat was all about striving towards success. She was still working for the company for about 5 years. Her designs were being recognized by top fashionistas.Jade was so close to her dream, she could taste it. During one of the companies fashion shows, Kobe King, one of the top of the line tuxedo designers, was checking out Jade’s wedding line and loved it. The two met for dinner at one of the finest restaurants in Japan. They went over a few of her designs and he was very impressed. He offered Jade a position in his company and she accepted. The two started working together right away on a wedding spring line. With Kobe and Jade’s launch, the two made millions off their line together.The success of their launch has made their line the top 5 to choose from in Japan. After 2 years of being great colleagues, the two decided to host a huge party inviting many famous designers and celebrities to celebrate their success together. During the party, Kobe had told Jade, â€Å"Come with me to my office, we need to talk business. † Little did she know, Kobe always had great interest in her. â€Å"Come, sit down,† he called while he fetched her a drink. While she was busy looking over designs, Kobe had locked the door in his soundproof office.After a little small talk, his intoxicated-self made his way over her and handed her the drink. She immediately smelled and noticed pill pieces in her drink an d pretended to drink it. Kobe by then, was already all over her, harassing her and even tried to abuse her. She managed to knock him down, unlock the door and get help. He later was arrested, placed in jail and out of Jade’s life for good. A situation as hard as that is something very devastating to go through. Jade had to get psychological help to get back to the successful woman she was trying hard to be.She had to forgive the ones who insulted her, attacked her, belittled her, and took her for granted but before she did that, she had to forgive herself for allowing them to hurt her. (live, laugh, dream, 2013) Once Jade was well enough to leave the rehabilitation, she rented an apartment and her old job gave her leverage and time to keep to herself until she felt fully ready to come back to work. In the next 3 months, Jade fully recovered and was back creating designs no one has ever thought to create.This recovery won so many people’s hearts and concern for her, it brought all the success she wanted. Her pain and her realness was what gave her success. Jade Kat become a strong independent woman. She created her own retail line called â€Å"On The Prowl, Inc. † and is living the life of a successful entrepreneur. Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable†¦ Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals. MLK, 2013) Despite the struggles she had to endure, success was all she ever wanted and received it. With all her success and good-will, God blessed her with true love and now she lives a happy life as a successful mother, wife, and entrepreneur. References live, laugh, dream (2013) Search Quotes. Retrieved from http://www. searchquotes. com/quotes/about/Abusive_Relationship/ Martin Luther King (2001-2013) Struggle Quotes. Retrieved from http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keywords/struggle. html Running Head: Pain Equa ls Success

6 Strategies to Develop Your Critical Reading Skills

6 Strategies to Develop Your Critical Reading Skills To those in professions that involve using your mind as a tool, keeping skills like critical reading and critical thinking sharp is an absolute must. Most of us have been required to read critically during our education, but, strangely enough, the skill remains untapped or undeveloped by most adults. Critical reading, by and large, concerns not discerning what the text says, but why it says what it says and a sharp critical reader will separate three functions that a text performs: what it says, what it does and what the congruity of those two is supposed to mean. In other words, to read critically is to think not about what the text says about one topic or another, but what the text attempts to accomplish by stating what its stating in terms of facts and arguments presented. Here are some strategies that will help you become a better critical reader: 1. Develop Critical Reading Along With Critical Thinking At least once a day, resolve to read something that attempts to argue for or against a cause. Then, spend some time to answer basic questions: what is the issue and why is it being discussed? What is this author advocating for? How do they justify their stance on this topic? Are these good reasons? Why or why not? For reading material, try the New York Times Opinion Pages. 2. Lay Your Thoughts Out Some prefer using a pen and paper, but the easier way is saying what youre thinking out loud, allowing your thoughts to go from something wishy-washy and unsound to concrete, composed statements. It might seem silly, but even advanced students of logical theory have to do this, and its definitely a practical skill worth developing. When youre ruminating on a topic, your mind can go from one thought to the next, barely registering that something was there after your thought switches to something else. Verbalizing those thoughts allows them to bear weight and be recorded. 3. Read Up on Logical Theory Learn what an argument is and the difference between deductive and inductive arguments. Finally, learn about what makes an argument valid, what makes an argument sound and how those two things differ from each other. Theres lots more to learn, but these are the basics that will serve you well when dissecting someones arguments. 4. Remember to Think Actively Active thinking means asking questions when presented with statements, its opposition being passive thinking, which is based on relying on assumption, taking things at face value, and prejudice. 5. Be a Skeptic, Not a Cynic Critical thinkers are naturally skeptical and suspicious, though in some, this can cross into cynicism. The rule of thumb for distinguishing between the two is that cynics will assume that something is malicious or untrue, while skeptics do not assume anything. Of course, were all just human and sometimes cant help but fall victim to our emotions, however, try and remember that critical thinking involves thinking actively, and cynicism is purely passive emotional impulse. 6. Above All Else, Be Open to New Ideas To a non-critical thinker, the world is only their perspective of it and what doesnt fall into their view is dismissed simply because its different. A critical thinker, and, by extension, a critical reader judges ideas based on merit alone, accepting views that differ from their own and in fact readily exposing themselves to opposing views. Using these guidelines will help you stay sharp and think on your feet when presented with someones opinions. Resolving to read critically is something everyone should do. Its not in everyones character to read everything critically, nor is it possible to think critically and remain skeptical at all times, but in this world where your news come pre-chewed youll need the right tools to combat spin and misinformation.

A View From The Bridge Letter Essays - Albums, Fall, Free Essays

A View From The Bridge Letter Essays - Albums, Fall, Free Essays A View From The Bridge Letter 201 Jabroni Drive, Moulnani Blvd. , Italy My dearest Maria, I miss you every second of every day and every day of every week. Sometimes I ask myself How can I live without your love and affection? You cant imagine how lonely I sometimes feel without you beside me. I miss you deeply and I am sure you do the same. America is many thousands of miles away from Italy but my heart is less than a pin away from yours I am deeply concerned about the health of Julius. I pray day and night for his health and I hope that the money I sent would help him. I expect a lot of him because he is the oldest and it might seem like that I am pressuring him a lot but tell him that I love him. On the other hand tell our other three babies to keep on smiling because America is really the land of opportunity. I love all of you, and tell them that I would sacrifice everything for your pleasure, even if it meant not to set sight on them for some years. Please tell me in your next letter how everyone is doing? Maria, you know very well that I had to come to this alien land. I would never want to leave you alone with the children but if we want to raise this family and make sure they survive in this world, I had to take the risk and leave for America. I want my children to go to school and eat the pastas and foods that Ive never even seen; I want them to have a youth, which I never had. Maria, so please bare the pain with me, we must live apart for a few years. I will surely return to you but it will probably take about seven to eight years before you see my aching face again. I cant even wait for a minute to see your beautiful face. Remember I miss you all and I cannot wait to hear from you in your next letter. We have now been cleared into America for sure and the fear of getting caught has died out. We live in peace and we work almost every hour of the day or at least it seems like it. Our cousin Beatrice helped us a lot and her husband Eddie made us most welcome at his own house. They seem to be a very kind family and I fell that they are doing to best for us. They also have a niece who they treat as their own daughter and her name is Catherine, she is very beautiful and intelligent. She is only 18 years old and she is full of youth! Everyone has helped Rudolpho and I a lot; they cook, dine and provide somewhere to sleep everyday for us and I am deeply thankful to them. They are not extremely rich but they are middle classed and they seem to be very traditional and Eddie is very dominant in the family. I have a feeling that Eddie has a short temper and that we might trigger this anger by accident. On the other hand, Beatrice seems to be a nice-hearted and kind woman. The funny thing is that in Italy, there is not a job in sight, but here in America; we got a job the day after we arrived in America. We basically work at the dock where we load and unload heavy cargo of many different things. The pay here is much better than the pay in Italy and we earn almost twice or thrice as much as we did in Italy. I love the working environment here and the work isnt that hard. I promise you that every cent I get, I will send to you and I will first think about the family and then my stomach but Im sure cousin Beatrice will help us until we get on our feet. Rudolpho has also found a lot of friends around in America. He has become extremely popular amongst the guys because of his sense of humor and his talents. He gives the men at work something to

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control Research Paper

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Research Paper Example The efficient work of the organization can be exhibited by the implementation of laws by the nations regarding driving safety such as seat belt laws, child safety seat legislation and licensing laws. This was only because of the active collection of data by the CDC about the motor vehicle crashes in United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). CDC also helps the healthcare facilities and the government to tackle the leading causes of death in the United States and also the causes of disability. It promotes safe and healthy behaviors among the communities and also introduces disease detectives and public health workforce to combat the emerging diseases. National Institute of Health is a government organization that works toward achieving new and up-to-date knowledge of living systems and the application of the new discoveries and researches for the enhancement of human health, reducing illness and improving the environment. NIH fosters basic researches and helps in new and interesting yet applicable researches that can be used for the prevention and treatment of health-related problems. NIH also aims to improve the country’s economy by improving the health and the associated sciences. This is only possible with the successful outcomes achieved by the investments in public research (National Institutes of Health, 2013).

Managing Work and People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Work and People - Essay Example In authority, a practice is set up by the employer who then gives it to the employees. At Pixar’s, employees are privileged to have individual recognition particularly when they have improved their skills in the work that they have done, and so they are considered an important asset of the company. Grouping helps create pride among employees in the work place especially when they are grouped in terms of comparable ability, where practices flow better and in a friendly manner. Of importance to note is that evaluation and timing are crucial in every company as they assist in the giving employees’ able time to evaluate themselves as individuals and as groups. Apparently, emotions, attitude and behavior play an important role in the workplace behavior making it easier to manage work and people. INTRODUCTION Pixar Company was established as a Graphics Group in 1979 by Dr. Ed Cat Mull. This came as a division from Lucas firm limited, which has a well- known firm- Star Wars. I t was first based in California, Unites States and is well known for Computer –Generated Imagery (CGI) animation feature films. MOTIVATIONAL THEORY PERSPECTIVE In line with Pixar Animation Studio, it is common knowledge that if people engage in activities that are interesting, engrossing, involving and or everything else, then it’s evident that their motivation is high. ... These two motivations play crucial roles in Pixar Animation Studio in terms of work and people (employees). Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation Of importance to note is that one of the factors that contribute to effective management at Pixar Animation Studio are Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. Intrinsically motivated employees are people who strive to achieve goals that reflect on personal improvement and skill learning especially in understanding specific areas which they are entitled to regardless of what colleagues are doing. Conversely, extrinsically motivated employees specifically strive to beat their colleagues in virtually everything. Needless to say, these two motivation aspects lay within the control of the employees. Motivation Climate Another factor that ensures effectiveness in Pixar Animation is motivation climate. This results from strategies that are adopted by the organization with two main climate of motivation being identified; the task climate and the ego clima te. A task climate is when employees view success in terms of effort and improvement. Moreover, employees have a variety of activities to choose from, over and above, new strategies. On the other hand, performance climate incorporates interpersonal comparison where success is normative. Besides, employees are not interested in learning from their mistakes as would be expected from various organizations (Yarberry 2006, p 19). In relation to motivation climate, Pixar nurtures trusting and respectful relationship and sets free everyone with their creativity. This has been facilitated by the presence of talented individuals who have continually practised loyalty to each other and the team as a whole. Hence, their passion and accomplishment had branded

Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster - Essay Example The essay "Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster" states the artwork of Andy Warhol called "Ambulance Disaster". Andrew Warhola, the birth name of Andy Warhol was born in Forest City, outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the family of Slovakia immigrants in August 6, 1928. After graduation from the Carnegie Institute of Technology where he studies pictorial design he moved to New York to work as a commercial artist for several magazines including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and the New Yorker. He was also involved in advertising and arranging window displays for Bonwit Teller and I. Miller. That’s where he developed his unique sense of style. By 1959 Warhol was a successful advertising design professional. His numerous medals and rewards suggest of his professional career. He won several commendations from the Art Director's Club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts. Already in 1952 his first individual show at the Hugo Gallery, exhibiting Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote was launched. He had his first group show at the Museum of Modern Art in 1956. From the early start of professional career Andy Warhol produced images of male nudity in standard "artistic" poses as well as shocking sketches of masturbating men and depiction of same sex intercourse. His sketching and photographing male bodies supported his ability to maintain innovative and influential career. Still he attempted to gain recognition as a "fine" artist featuring â€Å"cupids, beautiful boys' faces.

The Effects of Social Media on a Business Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Social Media on a Business Essay Social media has greatly changed the way people communicate and interact with one another. There are a variety of social media sites which are used worldwide, such as Youtube, Facebook and Twitter. This type of communications method is now being used by business in marketing their products. The fact that many people use social media to discuss their thoughts and views online, has caused business to alter their communications and marketing strategies to better fit the new mean of sending out messages. Social media is presently used in place of the â€Å"old-fashioned† marketing tools, such as TV, billboards, radio, etc. This new process which business use to convey messages and promote ideas or products has formed a collaboration with its customers. A business can now gain instant feedback from its customers, tackle rumors, and post any updates about the business online. Companies reported using these social media tools was helpful for several reasons. They reported that the tools provide the following: †¢ Another way to communicate  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Added value to customers †¢ Product/brand awareness †¢ Ability to keep up with trends and competitors †¢ Demonstration of product †¢ A more cost effective and productive form of marketing. (Barnes, 2010) Objective This literature review will discuss the role that social media plays on businesses and the effect it has when promoting a business or marketing its product. This review will contain the view and analysis of experts in the use of social media by businesses, and in what way the media can benefit or damage the reputation of an organization. The research questions used were â€Å"How does social media affects businesses?† and â€Å"How can social media benefit a business?†. While The research questions were similar, they did offer a wide range of topics concerning the research objective. Searching and locating literature The main database used for the research was Polytechnic’s summons. The research questions were first used here which introduced many articles. Most of the articles found by summons were taken from the Proquest and Emerald management collection databases, among other database systems. When reviewing the articles I read the â€Å"executive summary† or the â€Å"introduction† and later decided whether to continue with the article or to exclude it. The articles which were ruled out were the ones discussing social media from a non-business perspective. Some articles which were excluded did have good ideas, even though they presented it with a different viewpoint, so I used the reference list of said articles to locate more literature and further the research to get closer to the objective. The role that social media plays on businesses Mediatization describes how media is transformed from being a mediator and instrument for other institutions to become an institution in itself (Hjarvard, 2008). This further explains that social media is now a global institution, businesses and organizations will have to find new strategies in their marketing approach which will act in accordance with today’s mediatized society. (Pallas and Fredriksson, 2010) Businesses must now learn the new ways of functioning in a mediatized society. Media, especially social media, is important for the overall view of a business. When consumers look to a business they judge it based on its reputation, a reputation which it gains through mediatization. A successful business will have to know how mediatization works, and be able to alter it so that the customers will see what the business intends to be seen. A proper image and reputation of the business will be formed. As the flow of consumer online activity began rising businesses took notice of this â€Å"phenomenon† and picked new means of reaching consumers and their targeted audience through social media. In the beginning business created blogs, wikis, and forums in order to reach their audience, but now they have heavily started using the highest ranked social media sites such as micro-blogging via Twitter, and Facebook (Li and Bernoff, 2008). The effect of social media on a business Many would argue that social media benefits a business in a positive way and is a innovative way of marketing. Electronic media brings people together, when businesses join in on this media they are now in-touch with their customers. They will be able to connect with their audience which will result in customer loyalty, which will give the business an upper hand over potential competitors (Varey, 1999). Organizations will need to incorporate social media tools into their marketing and communication strategies. Social media will shift the consumers views on the business because they will now be able to spot the degree of openness and responsiveness in the business (Schein, Wilson and Keelan, 2009). However, in her article How do the most successful companies use social media? (2010), Nora Barnes gives an opposing view on the use of social media by business. While in the short-run a business will gain a fast reputation, it will affect the business in the long-run. She argues that if a business is thought of as an â€Å"official† business with high ranking employers and maybe investors, then social media is not the correct marketing tool to be used as it shows a business as being vulnerable, and will not be thought of very highly by its high-ticketed consumers. Dury (2008) also furthers this argument by stating that marketing is different to social media and that the two should not be mixed. That it ‘destroys social medias foundations by undermining its human elements’. This is because the essence of marketing is corporate and that a social media approach will issue a softer outlook to the official corporate image of a business. An organizations reputation means everything. Executives know the importance of this, The stronger the reputation, the better quality of customers they get and the brand name begins to rise (Eccles, Newquist and Schatz, 2007). Social media is not considered a â€Å"quality† method of marketing an organization, and certainly not a brand name. An organizations quality is shown in its: †¢share of voice – how much was said; †¢performance – amount of coverage relative to one’s peers; †¢breadth of coverage – themes reported; †¢media tone – positive, neutral, negative; †¢risk profile – the ratio of positive to negative coverage for particular themes; and †¢position – whether the media reflects the organization’s desired profile. (Dowling and Weeks, 2011) Reputation is in the consumers mind therefore a company should be aware of the quality it is presenting in order to provide a positive reputation. A similar opinion was given by Mat Ramsey, mentioning â€Å"Don’t use social media for corporate communications† (Ramsay, 2010). Any updates regarding the business should be posted on its official website. If they were done via social media sites it will bring down the status and quality of the corporation. Summary The study of the above articles has proven one thing, that social media has a very important part to play in the communication and marketing section of a business, whether for the good of the business or for bad. The use of social media may benefit some businesses but it harmed others. A business must study this approach carefully when deciding to incorporate social media in the marketing strategies as the effect may make or break it. Benefits The benefits of this review is the comparison between expert opinions over the matter. Social media hasn’t been fully investigated so this review brings all the thoughts on this topic together in ordered to get a clear image on the benefits and effects of social media.